рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЦреЛрдЬреЗ рдЧрдП рд╢рдмреНрдж
рд╕рд╣реЗрдЬреЗ рдЧрдП рд╢рдмреНрдж
рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЦреЛрдЬреЗ рдЧрдП рд╢рдмреНрдж
рддрд┐рд╣рд╛рдИ
рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдХреЗ рддреАрди рд╕рдорд╛рди рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдИ рдПрдХ рднрд╛рдЧ, рддреАрд╕рд░рд╛ рдЕрдВрд╢, рднрд╛рдЧ рдпрд╛ рд╣рд┐рд╕реНрд╕рд╛, рддреАрд╕рд░рд╛ рд╣рд┐рд╕реНрд╕рд╛
рд▓рд╛'рдирдд
рдзрд┐рдХреНрдХрд╛рд░, рдлрдЯрдХрд╛рд░, рднрд░реНрддреНрд╕рдирд╛, рдЕрднрд┐рд╢рд╛рдк, рд╢рд╛рдк
рдХрд╝рд╣рд░ рдврд╛рдирд╛
рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рдВрдХрдЯ рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛, рд╕рдВрдХрдЯрдЧреНрд░рд╕реНрдд рдмрдирд╛рдирд╛, рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдкрд░ рдХреЛрдИ рдЖреЮрдд рд▓рд╛рдирд╛, рдЬрд╝реБрд▓реНрдо рдХрд░рдирд╛, реШрд╣рд░ рддреЛреЬрдирд╛
рдордЬрд╝рджреВрд░
рд╢рд╛рд░реАрд░рд┐рдХ рд╢реНрд░рдо рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдХрд╛ рдХрдорд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдХреЛрдИ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ: рдЗрдорд╛рд░рдд рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ, рдХрд▓-рдХрд╛рд░реЩрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛, рд╢реНрд░рдорд┐рдХ, рдХрд░реНрдордХрд╛рд░, рднреГрддрдХ, рдордЬреВрд░
рдЪрд▓реЗ рди рдЬрд╛рдП рдЖрдБрдЧрди рдЯреЗрдврд╝рд╛
рдХрд╛рдо рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрд╢рд▓ рди рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдкрд░ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рдкрд░ рдЖрд░реЛрдк рдореЭрдирд╛
рдЖрдЧреЗ рдирд╛рде рди рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдкрдЧрд╛
рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреЗ рдЖрдЧреЗ-рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдХреЛрдИ рди рд╣реЛ, рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХрд╛ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдХреЛрдИ рди рд╣реЛ, рдЕрд╕рд╣рд╛рдп, рд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛рд░рд┐рд╕, рдЕрдХреЗрд▓рд╛
рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рд░
рдЬрд╛рджреВрдЧрд░, рд╡рд╣ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдЬреЛ рдЬрд╛рджреВ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реЛ
рдХреБрдбрд╝рдорд╛рдИ
рд╢рд╛рджреА рдХреЗ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡ рд░рд┐рд╢реНрддрд╛ рдкрдХреНрдХрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рд░рд╕реНрдо, рд╕рдЧрд╛рдИ, рд╢рд╛рджреА рддреИ рдХрд░рдирд╛, рд░рд┐рд╢реНрддрд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛
рдирдЬрд╝рд░-рднрд░ рджреЗрдЦрдирд╛
рднрд░рдкреВрд░ рдиреЫрд░ рд╕реЗ рджреЗрдЦрдирд╛, реЪреМрд░ рд╕реЗ рджреЗрдЦрдирд╛, рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рд╕реЗ рджреЗрдЦрдирд╛
рдЦрд╝реНрд╡рд╛рдЬрд╛-рддрд╛рд╢
рдПрдХ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рдореА рдХреЗ рджрд╛рд╕, рдЬреЛ рдЖрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдЦреНрд╡рд╛рдЬрдГрддрд╛рд╢ рдХрд╣рд▓рд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
рдХрд╝рдлрд╝рд╕
(рдкрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛) рдкрд┐рдВрдЬрд░рд╛, рдХрдмреВрддрд░реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рджрд░рдмрд╛ рдЬреЛ рдмрд╛рдБрд╕ рдХреА рдЦрдкрдЪреНрдЪрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдмрдирд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
рд╣реБрд╕реНрди-рдП-рддрд▓рдм
рдорд╛рдБрдЧрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдврдВрдЧ, рдХреЛрдИ рдЪреАреЫ рдЗрд╢рд╛рд░реЗ рдЗрд╢рд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорд╛рдБрдЧрдирд╛, рдРрд╕реЗ рдврдВрдЧ рд╕реЗ рдЪреАрдЬрд╝ рдорд╛рдБрдЧрдирд╛ рдХрд┐ рджреЗрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдЦрд╝реБрд╢реА рдорд╣рд╕реВрд╕ рдХрд░реЗ
рдмрд╕рд░
рдЧреБреЫрд╛рд░рд╛, рдирд┐рд░реНрд╡рд╛рд╣, рдЬреАрд╡рди-рдпрд╛рдкрди, рдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдХрд╛, рдирд┐рдмрд╛рд╣рдирд╛
рдмрд╕рд░-рдФрдХрд╝рд╛рдд
рдЬреАрд╡рдирд╛рдирд┐рд░реНрд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХрд╛ рдЕрд╡рд▓рдВрдм, рдЬреАрд╡рди рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╣рд╛рд░рд╛, рдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рдзрди, рдЖрдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдХрд╛, рд╡реГрддреНрддрд┐, рд░реЛрдЬреА, рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░
рдореБрдВрддрд╢рд┐рд░
рдмрд┐рдЦрд░рд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ, рдЫрд┐рддрд░рд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ, рдлреИрд▓рд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ, рддрд┐рддрд░-рдмрд┐рддрд░, рдмрд┐рдЦрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛, рдлреИрд▓рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛
рдкрд┐рдирдХ
рдЕреЮреАрдордЪреА рдХреА рд╡рд╣ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдЬрд┐рдорд╕реЗрдВ рд╡рд╣ рдирд╢реЗ рдХреА рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╕рд┐рд░ рдЭреБрдХрд╛рдХрд░ рдмреИрдареЗ рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рдХреА рджрд╢рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдмреЗрд╕реБрдз рдпрд╛ рд╕реЛрдпрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рд╕рд╛ рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЕреЮреАрдо рдХреЗ рдирд╢реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдКрдБрдШрдирд╛, рдЕреЮреАрдо рдХреЗ рдирд╢реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдзреБрддреНрдд, рдЕрдлрд╝реАрдо рдХреА рдЭреЛрдВрдХ
Urdu: The Lingua Franca of 12th Century India
Many people are aware of the fact that Urdu originated in northern India and spread across the entire subcontinent henceforth. But very few people know that there was a time when Urdu was the most commonly spoken language in mediaeval India.
Today, we are going to take you to the times when Urdu was barely past its first stage and had developed as what linguists call a ‘Lingua-Franca’. The Cambridge dictionary defines the term Lingua Franca as ‘a language used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages’.
To put it simply, a Lingua Franca is a form of spoken language which is used between people who do not share the same language. Lingua franca consists of words from both sides of the speech communities involved. These words are simplified and used in the most basic sense, so that all involved parties may find ease in communication. Many people are generally taken by surprise when they learn that English is the most common Lingua Franca in the world. Simplified versions of English (mostly in a broken form) with easy vocabulary, are used amongst people who do not share a common language.
Now that you are acquainted with the concept of Lingua Franca, it is time to have a look at the time when Urdu was the Lingua Franca of the Indian subcontinent.
The requirement for a common language between traders and locals gave birth to a new spoken form of language. This language was borrowing words from all the languages that were being spoken in northern India. These included Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Turkish and various others.
Arabic, Persian and Turkish were essentially spoken by traders, philosophers, businessmen and royals, who came to India for business, politics and commerce. Since these people did not speak or understand Indian languages, they had to develop a speech mechanism that would enable communication between them and the locals. So, common words from their own languages mixed with common words from the languages of the local people, were combined to form basic sentences. This combination gave birth to a spoken language, which later developed into Urdu.
Once this language of ease came into form, it became the common language. Most people living in the northern parts of India at that time were well acquainted with this newly formed language. People who came from diverse linguistic backgrounds made an effort to learn this language in order to be able to communicate with the masses. This was around the late 9th to the mid 10th century, when this language of ease was starting to become the Lingua Franca of the Indian subcontinent.
But the spread of this Lingua Franca was not limited to people learning it for trade and commerce. The term ‘Urdu’ which is derived from the Turkish form ‘Urdoo’, literally means army troops and army camps. Urdu, the language, gets this name because of how it spread: with army troops. When army men travelled to various parts of the subcontinent, they used this Lingua Franca to communicate with fellows and locals. Owing to its simplified vocabulary, easy structure and words taken from Indian languages, locals could easily adapt to this new language. Apart from army men, ministers, traders, doctors and hakims as well as tutors for the royals also carried Urdu to most parts of India.
Around the end of the 11th century this Lingua Franca had developed into Urdu, with its own structures within grammar and syntax. It had progressed from being just a spoken language of ease to a language with its own vocabulary. Initially, Urdu poetry was known as Rekhta. However, the language got its name 'Urdu' much later in the late 1700s.
By the 12th century, Urdu developed in to a full-fledged language of literature and poetry as well. Ameer Khusrau’s ghazal ‘ze-haal-e-miskin makun taghaful durae nainan banae batiyan’ is the first ever Ghazal written in Rekhta. You can read it here.
So, from being born out of the need for a common spoken language to developing into one of the most poetic languages in the world, Urdu has come a long way. And although there might be a decline in the awareness about this language at present, yet, it cannot be denied that at one point, it was the language of the common people of India. Urdu was the Lingua Franca of India in the 12th century popularised by armies, businessmen, ministers and doctors alike.
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рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдк рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрди рдкреНрд░рд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╣рдЯрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ? рдЗрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдкреБрди: рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рд╡рддреН рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╕рдВрднрд╡ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛