a woman who take a lot of pudding

a noble woman, lady, matron

the six heavenly bodies: Saturn, Mars, Jupiter, Mercury, Venus and moon

with bag and baggage

to keep going as long as one lives

to respect someone highly

subordinate works and the administrant earns name, God heals and the doctor takes the fee

The soldier fights and the general gains.

to have nothing else except the name of God, not even a rope

refers to a state of penury, i.e. there is nothing in the house except God's name

know/knows nothing of this

nothing after death

all will perish save God, everything is mortal but God is eternal

get credit for nothing or for another's work

get credit for nothing or for another's work