of or pertaining to that time

strata

stage, rank, grade, class of (people or society), floor, storey, order, stratum, layer

the horse's nosebag

a kind of musical instrument

to what extent? how long? till when?

be defamed, be scandalized

(of an empire) be destroyed or subverted, be upset, be topsy-turvy

rich class

sphere of intense cold

labour class

labour

riff-raff, low status people, economically weak people

goods, baggage, wherewithal